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Davide Court : ∫∑∫“∑¢Õß»“≈¬ÿµ‘∏√√¡°—∫§«“¡‡ªìπ∏√√¡¥â“π‡æ»¿“«–„π°“√æ‘®“√≥“æ‘æ“°…“§¥’ 39

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‡ªìπ°“√ √â“ߧ«“¡‡¢â“„®«à“®–∑”°“√„À⇰‘¥º≈∑’ˇªìπÕ—πµ√“¬À√◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√∑”√⓬√à“ß°“¬∑’Ë√ÿπ·√ß ¬‘Ëß°«à“π—Èπ
∑à“πª√–∏“π»“≈‰¥â‡¢’¬π‰«â«à“ πÕ°®“°π—Èπ·≈â« ∂Ⓡ∏Õ‰¥â· ¥ß°“√¢—¥¢◊π°“√°√–∑”¢ÕߺŸâ∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“®√‘ßÊ ·≈â«

‡∏Õ “¡“√∂∑’Ë®–µ–‚°π¢Õ§«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ‰¥â∑—π∑’‡æ√“–∫‘¥“¡“√¥“¢Õ߇∏ÕÕ¬ŸàÀà“ßÕÕ°‰ª‡æ’¬ß 3 ‡¡µ√‡∑à“π—Èπ
·≈–‡∏Õ‰¡à®”‡ªìπ∑’Ë®–µâÕß√Õ∂÷ß ’Ë™—Ë«‚¡ß°àÕπ∑’Ë®–∑ÿ∫∑àÕπ‰¡â„Àâ¡’‡ ’¬ß¥—߇æ◊ËÕ„Àâ§π —߇°µ

‡ªìπ∑’Ëπà“‡ ’¬¥“¬«à“ „𧥒 People of the Philippines vs. Oga »“≈Æ’°“°”Àπ¥¡“µ√∞“π
¢Õߧ«“¡æ¬“¬“¡∑’Ë®–À≈∫Àπ’À√◊Õ√âÕß„Àâ§π™à«¬„𧥒¢à¡¢◊π ´÷Ë߉¡à‰¥â‡ªìπ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢¢Õß°“√°√–∑”º‘¥∑“ßÕ“≠“

‚¥¬°“√¢à¡¢◊π »“≈‡™◊ËÕ„π¢âÕ·°âµà“ß«à“‡ªìπ§Ÿà√—°„𧥒π’È ´÷Ëßµà“߉ª®“°„𧥒 People of the Philippines vs.
Padilla ·≈– People of the Philippines vs. Melendres ∑—Èß Õߧ¥’π—Èπ¡’°—∫À≠‘ß “«À√◊Õ‡¥Á°‡ªìπºŸâ√âÕß∑ÿ°¢å
‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß∑’˵à“ß°—π·≈–‚¥¥‡¥àπ®“°Õ’° Õߧ¥’∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õ°Á§◊Õ§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߺŸâ∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“·≈–ºŸâ√âÕß∑ÿ°¢å

„π§¥’æ“¥‘≠“ (Padilla) ™π™—Èπ¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈¡’ à«π„π°“√æ‘®“√≥“¥â«¬‡æ√“–ºŸâ∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“‡ªìπ§π¢—∫√∂
¢Õߧ√Õ∫§√—«¢Õ߇¥Á°ºŸâÀ≠‘ß „𧥒‡¡‡≈Áπ‡¥√ (Melendres)ºŸâ∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“‡ªìπ “¡’µ“¡®“√’µª√–‡æ≥’
¢Õß¡“√¥“¢Õ߇¥Á°ºŸâÀ≠‘ß Õ¬à“߉√°Á¥’ „𧥒‚Õ°“ (Oga) π—Èπ ∑—ÈߺŸâ∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“·≈–ºŸâ√âÕß∑ÿ°¢å¡’∞“𖬓°®π
∫‘¥“¡“√¥“¢Õ߇¥Á°ºŸâÀ≠‘ßπ—ÈπÕ¬Ÿà„°≈âÊ ·¡â«à“»“≈Æ’°“‰¥â¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπ„πÀ≈“¬Ê §¥’«à“°“√¢à¡¢◊π‰¡à‰¥â¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫
‡«≈“·≈– ∂“π∑’Ë 21

„𧥒 People of the Philippines vs. Patriarca (G.R. No. 132748, November 24, 1999)
»“≈Æ’°“‡™◊ËÕ‚¥¬ßà“¬¥“¬«à“ºŸâ√âÕß∑ÿ°¢å¡’§«“¡πà“‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ ·¡â«à“‡ ◊ÈպⓢÕ߇À¬◊ËÕ‰¡à¡’°“√©’°¢“¥ ¥—߇™àπ„𧥒

‚Õ°“ (Oga) §«“¡·µ°µà“ß∑’ˇÀÁπ‡¥àπ™—¥¡“°Ê ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëߧ◊Õ ∂“π–∑“ß —ߧ¡À√◊Õ™π™—Èπ¢ÕߺŸâ√âÕß∑ÿ°¢å
„𧥒æ“∑√’‡ÕÕ√å°“ (Patriarca) ª√–«—µ‘§«“¡‡ªìπ¡“¢ÕߺŸâ√âÕß∑ÿ°¢å‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πå·°à‡∏Õ ¥â«¬°“√∑’ˇ∏Õ
‡ªìπ∫ÿµ√ “«¢Õß∫‘¥“¡“√¥“∑’Ë¡’°“√»÷°…“ Ÿß·≈–‡ªìπ∑’Ëπ—∫∂◊Õ ∫‘¥“¢Õ߇∏Õ‡ªìπºŸâ¡’«ÿ≤‘ª√‘≠≠“‡Õ°·≈–¡“√¥“
‡ªìπ§√Ÿ »“≈¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπ«à“¡’§«“¡‰¡à‡ ¡Õ¿“§°—πÕ¬à“߇¥àπ™—¥„π‡√◊ËÕߢÕß ¿“«–∑“ß°“¬¿“æ (Physical
Conditions) ¢Õ߇À¬◊ËÕ·≈–ºŸâ∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“ ´÷Ë߇撬ßæÕ∑’Ë®–¬◊π¬—π∂÷ߢâÕ°≈à“«Õâ“ߢÕߺŸâ√âÕß∑ÿ°¢å«à“¡’°“√„™â°”≈—ß

∫—ߧ—∫·≈–°“√¢à¡¢Ÿà §«“¡‰¡à‡ ¡Õ¿“§„π ¿“«–∑“ß°“¬¿“æπ’È ‰¡à‰¥â√—∫°“√æ‘ Ÿ®πå„𧥒‚Õ°“

ª√–∏“π»“≈Æ’°“‰¥â‡¢’¬π§”æ‘æ“°…“¢Õß»“≈Æ’°“∑’ˉ¥âµ—¥ ‘π«à“ºŸâ∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“‰¡à‰¥â°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥

„𧥒 People of the Philippines vs. Aquino (G.R. No. 139181, October 27, 2003) ·≈– People of
the Philppines vs. Librado (G.R. No. 141074, October 16, 2003) „π§¥’Õ§«‘‚π (Aquino) ºŸâ√âÕß∑ÿ°¢å
¡’Õ“¬ÿµË”°«à“ 12 ªï ·≈–»“≈™—Èπµâπ¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπ«à“‰¡à‡ªìπ°“√ ¡‡Àµÿ ¡º≈∑’ˇ¥Á°À√◊Õ¡“√¥“¢Õ߇¥Á°®– √â“߇√◊ËÕß«à“
¡’°“√¢à¡¢◊π¢÷Èπ¡“ ‡æ√“–∂â“∑”‡™àππ—È𠇥Á°®–µâÕ߇º™‘≠°—∫§«“¡¬“°≈”∫“°· π “À— ·≈–°“√‰¥â√—∫§«“¡Õ—∫Õ“¬

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People of the Philippines vs. Oga, 431 SCRA 354 Àπâ“ 361.
21
People of the Philippines vs. Torio, G.R. Nos. 132216 & 133479, November 17, 1999, 318 SCRA 345;
People of the Philippines vs. Geromo, G.R. No. 126169, December 21, 1999, 321 SCRA 355; People of
the Philippines vs. Agbayani, 284 SCRA 315 (1998); People of the Philippines vs. Manuel, 236 SCRA
545 (1994).