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√“¬ß“π°“√«‘®—¬‡√◊ËÕ߇滫‘∂’„π§”æ‘æ“°…“ 15

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§«“¡‡¢â“„®°ÆÀ¡“¬‚¥¬·¬°ÕÕ°®“°‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™à𠇻√…∞°‘® —ߧ¡ °“√‡¡◊ÕßÀ√◊Õ«—≤π∏√√¡ ®–∑”„Àâ

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Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫√–∫∫°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë¥”√ßÕ¬Ÿà ALR ‡ÀÁπ«à“°ÆÀ¡“¬‰¡à§«√·¬°¢“¥ÕÕ°®“° —ߧ¡´÷Ëß √â“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬
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‚Õ≈‘‡«Õ√å ‡«π‡¥π‚Œ≈å¡ (Oliver Wenden Holmes Ò¯ÙÒ-Ò˘Ûı) ‡ªìπ∫ÿ§§≈ ”§—≠∑’ˇªìπ·√ß
∫—π¥“≈„®„Àâ°—∫·π«§‘¥ ALR ‚¥¬„π°“√∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®‡°’ˬ«°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬ ç‡√“§«√§‘¥∂÷ß √√æ ‘Ë߉¡à„™à®“°∂âÕ¬§”
Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥‡√“µâÕß·ª≈§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß∂âÕ¬§” Ÿà¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß´÷Ë߉¥âª√“°Ø¢÷Èπ ∂⓵âÕß°“√§âπÀ“§«“¡®√‘ß
·≈–§«“¡∂Ÿ°µâÕßé (We must think things, not words, at least we must consistently translate
our words into the facts for which they stand if we are to keep the real and the true) ÚÛ
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(The bad manûs test) ÚÙ ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ߺŸâ∑’Ë π„®‡©æ“–º≈≈—æ∏宓°§”µ—¥ ‘π¢Õß»“≈«à“®–¥”‡π‘π‰ª„π∑‘»∑“ß
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‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫π—°§‘¥„π°≈ÿà¡ ALR §πÕ◊ËπÊ §”Õ∏‘∫“¬∂÷ß ‘∑∏‘·≈–Àπâ“∑’Ë∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬‰¡à„™à§”µÕ∫∑’ˇªìπ
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ÚÛ
L.B. Curzon ,Op. cit., p. Ò¯.
ÚÙ
Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White, Op. cit., p. Ò˘.
Úı
Ibid.