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Engendering the Philippine Judiciary : ‡æ»¿“«–°—∫»“≈¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡ °√≥’»÷°…“®“°øî≈‘ªªîπ å
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Section 1(a) of the Standards of Judicial Administration (Appendix to the California Rules of Court
Division 1
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§”«‘π‘®©—¬ Matter of Jordon, N.Y.L.J., Mar. 2, 1983, 192 [1982- 83]
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67 S. Cal. L. Rev. 745, 812
6 th
§¥’À¬à“¢Õß Iverson (1992) 11 Cal.App.4 1495,1499 - 1501
7 th
Catchpole v. Brannon (1995) 36 Cal.App.4 237, 258 -59
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§¥’√–À«à“ß United States °—∫ Mast (C.D. California 1989) No. CR-88-0720-AAH-1