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CONTENTS

FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................... viii

BACKGROUND NOTE .................................................................................................................. x

CONTRIBUTORS AND PARTICIPANTS ........................................................................................ xii

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... xx

I. RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL LEGAL NORMS AND STANDARDS ........................ 1

A. International human rights law ................................................................................... 2
1. Norms and standards developed at the United Nations ................................................. 2
2. Regional human rights systems ................................................................................ 12

B. International refugee law and non-refoulement .......................................................... 21
C. International humanitarian law .................................................................................. 23
D. International criminal justice ...................................................................................... 24

II. RELEVANT ETHICAL CODES ...................................................................................... 27

A. Relevant ethics of legal professionals ......................................................................... 28
1. Principles common to all codes of legal professional ethics ............................................ 28
2. Principles guiding the conduct of judges ..................................................................... 29
3. Principles guiding the conduct of prosecutors ............................................................. 29
4. Principles guiding the conduct of lawyers ................................................................... 30

B. Ethical obligations of health professionals .................................................................. 31
1. United Nations statements relevant to health professionals ........................................... 32
2. Statements from international professional bodies ....................................................... 34
3. National codes of health professional ethics ............................................................... 35

C. Application of ethical principles in clinical evaluations of torture and ill-treatment ........ 36
1. Beneficence and non-maleficence .............................................................................. 36
2. Informed consent ................................................................................................... 37
3. Confidentiality ...................................................................................................... 39

D. Health professionals with conflicting obligations ......................................................... 39
1. Principles guiding health professionals with conflicting obligations ................................ 39
2. Dilemmas arising from conflicting obligations ............................................................ 40

III. LEGAL INVESTIGATION OF TORTURE AND ILL‑TREATMENT ............................... 43

A. Purposes of an investigation into torture or ill-treatment .............................................. 45
B. Principles on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment ......................................................... 46
1. Elements of the crime of torture ............................................................................... 46

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