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IV. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR INTERVIEWS ISTANBUL PROTOCOL

mental pain or suffering is inflicted. Many acts of (b) Positional torture, using suspension, stretching
violence that constitute torture or other ill-treatment limbs apart, prolonged constraint of movement and
occur in non-detention settings, for example, physical forced positioning;
and psychological harm inflicted on the basis of
sexual orientation and gender identity, and the use (c) Burns with cigarettes, heated instruments, scalding
of unnecessary and disproportionate force in crowd liquids or caustic substances;
control settings. The interviewer should be prepared
to inquire about the nature and extent of such (d) Electric shocks;
harms and their physical and psychological effects.
(e) Asphyxiation, such as wet and dry methods, near-
5. Review of torture methods drowning, smothering, confinement in small or coffin-
like boxes, choking or use of chemicals;
371. After eliciting a detailed narrative account of
events, it is advisable to review other possible (f) Crush injuries, such as smashing fingers or using a
torture methods. Questioning about specific forms heavy roller to injure the thighs or back;
of torture and ill-treatment is helpful when:
(g) Penetrating injuries, such as stab and gunshot
(a) Psychological symptoms cloud recollections; wounds or wires under nails;

(b) The alleged torture or ill-treatment was associated (h) Chemical exposure to salt, chili pepper, gasoline,
with impaired sensory capabilities; etc. (in wounds or body cavities);

(c) There is a case of possible organic brain damage; (i) Sexual violence to genitals, molestation,
instrumentation or rape;
(d) There are mitigating educational and cultural
factors that influence the account of events. (j) Traumatic or surgical amputation of body parts,
such as ears, digits or limbs;
372. The distinction between physical and psychological
methods of torture is artificial. What may be (k) Surgical removal of organs;
commonly referred to as “physical torture” has
psychological components and what is referred to as (l) Pharmacological torture using toxic doses of
“psychological torture” has physical components. sedatives, neuroleptics or paralytics, hallucinogens or
Furthermore, victims are frequently subjected to other substances;
multiple forms of abuse simultaneously, for example
being threatened while being punched and kicked (m) Conditions of detention, such as a small or
when restrained and blindfolded. The following list overcrowded cells, unhygienic conditions, no access
of torture methods is provided to illustrate some of to toilet facilities, irregular or contaminated food and
the categories of possible torture and ill-treatment. It water, exposure to extremes of temperature, denial of
is not meant to be used by interviewers as a checklist privacy and forced nakedness;
or as a model for listing torture and ill-treatment
methods in a report. A method-listing approach (n) Deprivation of normal sensory stimulation, such
may be counterproductive, as the entire clinical as sound, light, sense of time, and physical and
picture produced by torture and ill-treatment is social contacts;
much more than the simple sum of lesions produced
by methods on a list. Torture and ill-treatment (o) Denial of medical and mental health care and
methods to consider include, but are not limited to: treatment;

(a) Blunt trauma, such as a punch, kick, slap, (p) Incommunicado detention and denial of social
whipping, a beating with wires or truncheons or forced contacts in detention and/or with the outside world;
contact with hard surfaces, such as floors and walls;
(q) Prolonged use of restraint devices, such as
handcuffs, chains, irons and straitjackets;

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