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IV. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR INTERVIEWS ISTANBUL PROTOCOL

complained about torture. This first step ensures (a) Environmental barriers, such as lack of privacy,
the individuals’ trust for future follow-up visits. uncomfortable interview setting or inadequate time for
the interview;
321. Other, less visible forms of torture, psychological or
sexual, for example, cannot be dealt with in the same (b) Physical barriers, such as pain or other discomfort
way. In such cases, it may be necessary for interviewers the individual may be experiencing: for example,
to refrain from comment for one or several visits until physical pain, difficulty sitting for extended periods,
the circumstances allow or detainees feel safe enough. fatigue or sensory deficits, such as blindness
or deafness;
322. Clinicians must perform due diligence at all
times even when conducting multiple evaluations (c) Psychological barriers, such as fear or anxiety, or
in a single day. A person interviewed at 8 p.m. mental health disorders, such as depression, PTSD or
deserves as much attention as one seen at 8 a.m. cognitive deficits;
Interviewers should manage their workloads to ensure
sufficient time and energy for each evaluation. (d) Sociocultural barriers, such as the gender of
the interviewer (this is particularly important with
6. Preparation for the interview victims of sexual torture or ill-treatment), language
issues (including appropriateness and accuracy of the
323. In advance of the interview, interviewers should interpreter) and the power imbalance between the
familiarize themselves with the case and prepare by examiner and interviewee (including race, culture or
identifying potential topic areas to focus on that are social status);
important for the report, while also being flexible
enough to expect that new topic areas might arise (e) Barriers relating to the interviewer, such as the
during the interview. For this, it is useful to review absence of an interview plan or structure, the use of
appropriate documents/affidavits that the subject’s poor questioning techniques and/or poor interpersonal
legal counsel may have prepared. Such documents skills, personal biases or lack of understanding of the
may help the clinician to anticipate the content of cultural or age-dependent needs of the interviewee.
the individual’s narrative. Also, knowledge of prior
testimonies may aid in identifying elements in the 8. Building rapport
history that need clarifying. Despite the utility of
legal documents/affidavits, the information contained 326. Building rapport, which in this context means
therein should not be relied upon solely and should be a working relationship between the interviewer
independently verified. All information relevant to a and interviewee, is key to conducting an effective
clinical evaluation should be gathered by the clinician. interview. 409 Taking time to build trust and
rapport will make it easier for interviewees
324. It is critical to understand the many reasons of all ages to talk about difficult topics.
traumatized individuals may miss or be late
for appointments and allow for rescheduling 327. Showing respect for the interviewee, being
whenever possible. Establishing contact just prior fully engaged in the interview process, open
to the appointment can help prevent the frustration body language, attentiveness and matching the
and inefficiency of missed appointments. communication style of the interviewee can build
rapport. Time should be allowed for some discussion
7. Communication barriers of family and other personal matters to develop
a relationship. Individuals should not be forced
325. The clinician should also try to anticipate and, to talk about any form of torture or ill-treatment
when possible, address possible barriers to effective unless and until they are comfortable doing so.
communication. Barriers to communication can
drastically influence the value and/or process of an 328. Empathy is an important component of building
interview. Possible barriers to communication include: rapport, which is particularly important for clinicians

409 Allison Abbe and others, “The role of rapport in investigative interviewing: a review”, Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, vol. 10, No. 3 (2013),
pp. 237–249; and Jonathan P. Vallano and others, “Rapport‐building during witness and suspect interviews: a survey of law enforcement”, Applied Cognitive Psychology,
vol. 29, No. 3 (2015), pp. 369–380.

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