Page 114 - ประมวลสรุปความรู้เกี่ยวกับพิธีสารอิสตันบูลและพิธีสารมินนิโซตา

ISTANBUL PROTOCOL IV. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR INTERVIEWS

effects of the alleged torture or ill-treatment. The body language, facial expressions, tone of voice
clinician should attempt to understand mental and gestures of interviewees if they are to obtain
suffering in the context of the interviewee’s own a full and accurate picture. Interviewers should
experience, circumstances, beliefs and cultural familiarize themselves with torture-related words and
norms. Idioms of distress can be culturally specific terminology in the person’s language to demonstrate
or language-bound methods to express a feeling or that they are knowledgeable about the issue.
experience. Culture and language can also influence
how a specific illness, symptom or experience is 298. When visiting persons deprived of their liberty, it is
conceptualized and described. Awareness and best not to use interpreters employed in or by the same
constant learning of idioms of distress and culture- facility. It may also be unfair for such interpreters,
specific conceptualizations of pain and illness are of who may be “debriefed” by the facility authorities
paramount importance for conducting the interview after a visit or otherwise put under pressure. It is
and formulating the clinical impression and conclusion. best to use independent interpreters who are clearly
seen as coming from elsewhere. The next best
295. Interviewers should also be aware of the sociocultural thing to speaking the local language fluently is to
dynamics of their own identity and how implicit work with a trained interpreter with experience,
and explicit perceptions of power, ethnicity, who is sensitive to the issue of torture and to the
nationality, gender, age, sexual orientation and local culture. As a rule, co-detainees should not be
socioeconomic status may impact the interview. In used for interpretation, unless it is an emergency
addition, interviewers should make sure to conduct situation and the interviewees have chosen someone
themselves in a manner that does not offend cultural they trust. In the case of persons who are not in
or religious sensibilities. A lack of such awareness detention, many of these same rules also apply.
risks alienating the individual and/or causing them
to feel uneasy, leading to a less effective interview. 9. Emotional reactions and their potential effects

8. Use of interpreters 299. The clinician should explain the interview process
and types of questions that will be asked in order
296. For many purposes, it is necessary to use an interpreter to prepare the individual for the difficult emotional
to allow the interviewer to understand what is reactions that the questions may provoke. The
being said. There are some essential considerations individual should be given an opportunity to request
for using interpreters that may also apply to any breaks, to interrupt the interview at any time and to
trainees or support persons present during the leave if needed. An individual who chooses to leave
evaluation. Adequately briefing interpreters prior should be offered a later appointment. Clinicians need
to the evaluation is essential. Interpreters must to be sensitive and empathic in their questioning,
be advised that what they hear and interpret in while remaining objective in their clinical assessment.
interviews is strictly confidential. They should
interpret precisely what the interviewee says and 300. Clinicians who conduct clinical and psychological
should avoid side conversations with the interviewee evaluations should be aware of the potential emotional
during the course of the interview. Interviewers reactions that evaluations of severe trauma may elicit
should use caution in relying on interpreters to in both the interviewee and the interviewer. These
provide cultural context as that knowledge may be emotional reactions are known as transference and
out of date if the interpreters left the country years countertransference, respectively. Transference refers
before, or their knowledge may be biased by their to the feelings a survivor has towards the clinician that
own socioeconomic, ethnic, religious or gender lens. relate to past experiences, but which are misunderstood
as directed towards the clinician personally.
297. Interviewers should remember to speak directly to Mistrust, fear, shame, rage and guilt are among the
the interviewee and maintain eye contact, rather typical reactions that torture survivors experience,
than follow the natural tendency to speak to the particularly when being asked to recount or remember
interpreter. The interviewer should be mindful of details of their trauma. In addition, the clinician’s
speaking to the interviewee in the second rather than emotional response to the torture survivor, known
third person just as they would if an interpreter was as countertransference, may affect the psychological
not present. It is essential for interviewers to observe evaluation. Transference and countertransference
not only the words but also the accompanying are mutually interdependent and interactive.

74