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ISTANBUL PROTOCOL ANNEXES

informed consent (see paras. 165–171 and 273). 2. Presence of trusted adults and support
Clinicians should also take into consideration possible during assessment
obligations to report to the relevant authorities
when a child is in danger or has been exposed to Children should be supported by persons whom they
violence or abuse of any kind and that the failure trust whenever possible and fear of contaminating
to do so, by the health professional or others who witness evidence should not be a reason for isolating
observe or are informed of such violence or abuse, children from positive and supportive adult contact;
may lead to criminal investigation and/or sanctions the child’s well-being and best interests must be
by professional associations or licensing agencies. paramount at all times. The presence of parents/
legal guardians or other supportive adults in the
assessment should be considered, unless they are
II. Interviewing and evaluation not available or are themselves not representing the
process child’s best interests. The presence of adults who
are meaningful to the child and represent the child’s
A. Training best interests will provide comfort to an anxious
child and also allow the adult to tacitly endorse the
Appropriate training on interviewing and examining child’s cooperation. In some cases, such as those
children who were tortured or ill-treated is important involving sexual violence, domestic violence or issues
and ideally should be completed by anyone who arising from perceived sexual orientation and/or
will be involved in evaluating and documenting gender identity or expression, the presence of family
children’s experiences. The training should cover members might make it more difficult for children
specific interview techniques and procedures that to disclose these experiences for fear of bringing
safeguard children’s well-being and protect them shame, stigmatization or further ill-treatment or
from retraumatization, and provide guidance on punishment on themselves or their families. Children
how to collect information from children reliably may not disclose in the presence of a parent due to
based on their developmental stage. There are their concern that the disclosure will distress their
several national and international guidelines and parents or add to their guilt or shame. Clinicians
training protocols in this area, including those must exercise judgment and patience in making the
drawn up by the National Institute of Child Health child comfortable and support them when being
11
and Human Development, UNHCR, Defence interviewed alone. Clinicians may need to consider
12
13
for Children International and the American children’s wishes to keep information that they disclose
Professional Society on the Abuse of Children. 14 confidential from their parents and how to address
this ethically. In circumstances in which children
B. Setting or teenagers are interviewed in the absence of their
parents or guardians, care must be taken to ensure
1. Time their understanding of, and consent to, the interview.
Particular attention must be given to providing
A single lengthy interview may be overly exhausting support, such as taking time to build rapport, using
for children and as their attention spans can be clear and age-appropriate language throughout and
quite short (depending on their developmental providing breaks and opportunities to ask questions.
stage, level of trauma and co-morbid conditions),
it may be necessary to take breaks during the C. Collecting information
interview or conduct it over multiple sessions.
1. Building rapport and establishing trust

Taking time to build trust and rapport will make
it easier for interviewees of all ages, including
children, to talk about difficult topics. However, the

11 United States of America, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, “Revised NICHD Protocol: interview guide” (2014).
12 UNHCR, Guidelines for Interviewing Unaccompanied Minors and Preparing Social Histories (1985).
13 Defence for Children International – Belgium, Practical Guide: Monitoring Places Where Children are Deprived of Liberty (Brussels, 2006).
14 American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children Taskforce, “Practice guidelines: forensic interviewing in cases of suspected child abuse” (Columbus, 2012).

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